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  • Wise Giving Wednesday: A New Year and New Giving Opportunities

    Wise Giving Wednesday: A New Year and New Giving Opportunities

    As we begin the new year, many of us make resolutions to make improvements both to help our own lives as well as our loved ones. We might also take this time to recognize the opportunity to help improve our philanthropic choices as well. Organizations rely on donor generosity to carry out their work throughout the year, not just during the giving season. In this spirit, here are some ideas that might assist you in getting a good start on giving in 2017: 

    Reactive vs. Proactive Giving.

    Many donors wait until they are asked by a soliciting organization to donate or base their decision on recommendations made by family members, friends or business acquaintances. Then, of course, we respond to disasters and tragedies that motivate us to help in some way by contributing to charities providing relief assistance. One other approach to consider is to seek out charities at your own initiative and take the time to identify and research the causes and groups that you care about the most. 

    Be Wary of Overly Emotional Pleas.

    When a circumstance pushes our emotional buttons, we feel compelled to respond immediately. Whether it’s a mass shooting or a devastating tornado, the donor response is quick and sometimes overwhelming. It’s certainly understandable to transform our empathy into a charitable contribution, but we must also remember in 2017 to not let emotions overrule our good sense.  Check out relief organizations before you make a gift, don’t let the emotion of the moment result in being taken by a questionable solicitor. 

    Small Gifts or Larger Contributions?

    While charities don’t expect a donation from every single individual who receives their appeals, some donors are compelled to provide smaller donations spread out among many organizations. In contrast, others might be more selective in their charitable choices and will make larger contributions to a select group of charities. BBB WGA is sometimes asked which approach is better?  It really is a personal decision for the contributor.  No matter how many charities a donor supports, we hope s/he will remember to check out each charity before a gift is sent. 

    Single or Monthly Donations?

    The option to donate monthly is a popular one among a number of charities since it can help some donors spread out their generosity and make a larger cumulative gift. It’s okay for donors to choose that alternative but they should not be pressured into making that decision. If a donor feels they are being pushed, best to walk away and take the time to make sure about that commitment. 

    Giving to Trusted Charities.

    Of course, in all giving scenarios, we urge donors to always verify the trustworthiness of charities by checking our reports on Give.org to identify whether the subject charities meets the BBB Standards for Charity Accountability.  

    On a separate note, as part of our Building trust video series, we are pleased to provide our short interview with Kevin Washington, President and CEO of  YMCA of the USA (a  BBB Accredited Charity) who speaks about programs that influence and shape young people.  YMCA of the USA serves as the national resource for the Y to strengthen its member associations ability to effectively carry out the YMCA mission in their communities. 

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit  Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include: 

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to  https://www.give.org/ask-us-about-a-charity1/ if you are interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.   

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Advice on Notre Dame Fire Fundraising

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Advice on Notre Dame Fire Fundraising

    Across the globe, people are in shock over the fire that severely damaged Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Now that the fire is out and there are only a few injuries to emergency personnel, thoughts have turned to repair and renovation of the magnificent and historic building. The cathedral was declared “structurally sound” after an inspection on Tuesday, and the president of France and mayor of Paris have both vowed to rebuild the landmark.

    French corporations and billionaires have already pledged millions to aid in the effort, and companies in other countries are starting to promise contributions, as well. However, the Better Business Bureau is warning individuals to “wait to donate,” to make sure donations are going to the official Notre Dame rebuilding fund and not into the hands of scammers. 

    “Scammers are opportunists, and they will take advantage of whatever is in the news,” said Art Taylor, president and CEO of BBB Wise Giving Alliance (Give.org). “We expect to see Notre Dame fundraising appeals on social media and crowdfunding sites. Some will be from well-intentioned people who are not directly involved with the cathedral, but some may be from scammers. BBB Wise Giving Alliance is urging people to ‘wait to donate’ until an official rebuilding fund is established.”

    Taylor also reminded donors in Canada and the United States that donations are more likely to be tax-deductible if they ‘wait to donate’ through a charity based in their own country   rather than contribute through another individual, a crowdfunding site, or a foreign entity. “The rebuilding will take some time,” he added. “It’s best to wait until we have more details about which official entities are raising funds to assist the rebuilding.”

    The French Ministry of Culture has identified four existing entities that are accepting funds to help with reconstruction of Notre Dame:

    In addition, the French government has plans to create two funds, one for French donations and the other for international donations. We will share information on these as we learn of them.

    BBB Wise Giving Alliance is identifying which charities in the U.S. are raising funds for Notre Dame and will update this blog soon.

    If you see a suspected scam aimed at raising funds for Notre Dame (or any disaster), please report it to BBB Scam Tracker at BBB.org/ScamTracker.

    For more information on giving to trustworthy charities, go to Give.org.

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Helping People Impacted by the Government Shutdown

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Helping People Impacted by the Government Shutdown

    As a result of the continuing U.S. federal government shutdown, concerns have been raised about federal workers who are not being paid. In addition, some Americans households that rely on food stamps and other federal programs may not be able to receive the assistance they need. For those considering addressing these and other associated problems through their charitable giving, BBB Wise Giving Alliance offers the following advice.

    Support food banks and other social service charities. Consider donations to local food banks and other social service charities that are expecting to meet increased demands. Keep in mind that some of these welcome both in-kind and cash gifts.

    Be wary of newly created entities.  Watch out for new charities created to address these circumstances. While most are probably well-intentioned, they may not be able to deliver quickly on promised assistance.

    Crowdfunding options. Some people in need may post requests for help on crowdfunding sites. It is safest to support those postings for people that you personally know. Not all crowdfunding sites have effective vetting procedures to root out all questionable requests. Also remember to review how the site is administered in terms of transaction fees and when funds are released to the individuals requesting help.  Please also keep in mind that news reports allege there may be government ethics rules violations for government employees that participate in such postings.

    Donate to BBB Accredited Charities.  You can help verify a charity’s trustworthiness by viewing an evaluative report completed by BBB Wise Giving Alliance or a BBB in your area. Visit Give.org.

    Video of the Week

    On a separate note, as part of our Building Trust Video Series, we are pleased to provide a video that features Jim Mitchum, CEO of Heart to Heart International (a BBB Accredited Charity), an international humanitarian aid organization that responds to natural and man-made disasters worldwide with volunteers on the ground and emergency relief supplies.

    Recent Reports

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include:

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to give.org/charity-inquiry if you are  interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one. 

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Charities and National Suicide Prevention Month

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Charities and National Suicide Prevention Month

    September is National Suicide Prevention Month. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide is one of the top leading causes of death in the United States and was responsible for about 47,000 deaths in 2017. And, “there are more than twice as many suicides (47,153) in the United States as there were homicides (19,501).” The CDC also notes that suicide and nonfatal suicidal behavior result in over $50 billion in medical and work loss costs.

    Two at-risk segments of note in the U.S. population for suicide are youth and veterans / military service members. One of the opinion pages in The New York Times states that youth suicide (ages 15-24) is increasing faster than any other age group. The percentage of high school students who seriously considered attempting suicide increased from 14.5 percent in 2007 to 17.2 percent in 2017 according to a Youth Risk Behavior Survey produced by the CDC. This month, the Veterans Administration announced that 60,000 veterans died by suicide between 2008 and 2017. To help address this the VA recently launched the #BeThere campaign to raise awareness about suicide prevention and share information about available resources for veterans and service members.

    There are a number of charitable organizations that work to help increase awareness of mental health issues and have made strides in changing public attitudes. BBB Wise Giving Alliance encourages donors to support these groups but also remember to visit Give.org to verify if they meet the 20 BBB Standards for Charity Accountability. If you don’t see a report on a group that interests you, complete our inquiry form so we can identify charities that can be the subject of an evaluation.

    Finally, if you know someone seeking assistance about suicide prevention and related mental health issues, visit the following resource page on the CDC website or this page on the Veterans Administration website.

    Video of the Week

    As part of our Building Trust Video Series, we are pleased to provide a video of Lynn O’Connor Vos, President and CEO, Muscular Dystrophy Association (a BBB Accredited Charity) which seeks to cure muscular dystrophy, ALS, and related diseases by funding worldwide research and provide comprehensive health care and support services, advocacy, and education.

    Recent Reports

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include:

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to www.give.org/charity-inquiry if you are  interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO  
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Women and Philanthropy

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Women and Philanthropy

    Last Friday, March 8th, was International Women’s Day, an event that started towards the beginning of the 20th century that continues to recognize the economic, political, cultural and other achievements of women from around the world.

    Women also have an increasing impact in philanthropy. As noted in a January 2019 personal finance article from MarketWatch “Wealthy women are more likely to donate money and time to charity than their male counterparts… some 93% of high-net worth women gave money to charity last year, compared to 87% of their male counterparts, according to the 2018 U.S. Trust Study of High Net Worth Philanthropy. Women were also more likely to volunteer their time: 56% did so, compared to 41% of men.”

    As reported by Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, a 2010 survey showed that single women were more likely than single men to contribute to charities and that a 2011 survey showed that “…women spend more time than men on due diligence before making decisions about charitable giving and view giving as a collaborative, shared event. It also found that women expect a deeper level of communication with the organizations they support and place greater importance than men on hearing about the impact of their gift.”  Also, the Lily Family School of Philanthropy at Indiana University produced a research study in 2016 that looks into how women’s role in decision making about giving has changed over time.

    The lesson of women spending more time on due diligence in their contributions activity is one we highly admire and hope that men hear these wise giving words and follow the same path. Of course, we also encourage donors to visit Give.org to verify if the selected charities meet the 20 BBB Standards for Charity Accountability. 

    Video of the Week

    As part of our Building Trust Video Series, we are pleased to provide another look at a 2017 video featuring Laurie Windsor, the previous CEO of Women for Women International (a BBB Accredited Charity). This organization was founded twenty years ago to help the most marginalized of women in conflict affected countries to rebuild their lives.  The organization’s current CEO, Laurie Adams, heads a charity that conducts a 12-month training program that helps provide basic skills such as economic, literacy and knowledge of health and basic rights. 

    Recent Reports

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include:

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to www.give.org/charity-inquiry if you are  interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Fundraising for Tragedies at Houses of Worship

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Fundraising for Tragedies at Houses of Worship

    The terrorist bombings in Sri Lanka on Easter Sunday at three churches and three hotels, with over 250 deaths and hundreds more wounded, is an unspeakable horror. The emotional impact of such a hideous act motivates many of us to provide assistance of some type not only to help impacted families but to demonstrate care and concern. 

    Last month, in the wake of the shooting at a mosque in New Zealand, the BBB Wise Giving Alliance recommended that donors turn to established and experienced relief organizations that meet the BBB Standards for Charity Accountability. We offer the same advice for those seeking to assist families and victims of the bombings in Sri Lanka. However, we recognize that many turn to crowdfunding sites during times like this. So, we also offer these additional points:

    • How are crowdfunding sites different? Some crowdfunding platforms vet postings and projects better than others. Check out the site’s description of its procedures.
    • Are photos used with permission? Some crowdfunding postings use pictures of victims without the family’s permission. Don’t assume there is a special connection just because a photo appears.
    • How will collected funds be used? Will the funds be used to help pay for funerals, church reconstruction, medical expenses, or some other purpose? Be cautious if the description is vague.
    • How to avoid duplication of effort? Review recent announcements from government agencies and other institutions that address how they will be assisting victims. This can help donors identify crowdfunding postings that might be duplicating those efforts.
    • What is the safest crowdfunding option?  It is safest to give to crowdfunding postings of people you personally know. If that is not possible, the next best circumstance is to find out if the funds collected by a posting are going to be forwarded and distributed by an established charitable organization. In that case, the organization can be checked out and the involvement of a third-party organization can provide an additional level of oversight and assurance.

    Last week, our blog included advice about contributing to assist with reconstruction as a result of the fire at the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. We identified several entities that were accepting funds according to the French Ministry of Culture. We have since learned that there are two entities in the United States that are accepting donations to assist with reconstruction: French Heritage Society and the Friends of Notre Dame de Paris. BBB Wise Giving Alliance is requesting information from both of these charities in order to produce reports.

    As reported in The New York Times and on Marketwatch.com, one impact of the Notre Dame Cathedral fire is that it brought renewed attention to the three Baptist churches that were burned in Louisiana’s St. Landry Parish during late March and early April. These burnings are suspected to be hate crimes. The Marketwatch.com article reported that crowdfunding for these churches increased after the Notre Dame fire, and have now cumulatively brought in $1.95 million to help with reconstruction.

    Video of the Week

    As part of our Building Trust Video Series, we are pleased to provide a video featuring John Engle, Co-Director, Haiti Partners (a BBB Accredited Charity) that centers its work on Haitian education through two primary avenues schools and holistic churches. The organization reports that it provides education for over 1,200 students in six partner schools and its own flagship school, the Childrens Academy and Learning Center. Haiti Partners states its school-based community development model allows for students to receive education and learn locally relevant knowledge like permaculture gardening and composting.

    Recent Reports

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include:

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to www.give.org/charity-inquiry if you are  interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Hurricane Matthew Hits the U.S.

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Hurricane Matthew Hits the U.S.

    News accounts show us pictures of small boats floating across the flooded aftermath of Hurricane Matthew in North Carolina, as responders seek to rescue remaining residents trapped by the devastation. It is heart wrenching to see what one storm can do as it went from the Caribbean to the eastern coast of Florida and up through the Carolinas, and how quickly some lost their homes and possessions. Over 30 lives were lost in the U.S. and the death toll in Haiti rose to over 1,000 as cholera spread.

    Sadly, charity fundraising in response to flooding can sometimes be less successful than other natural disasters. The Chronicle of Philanthropy reported this past summer (T. Sandoval, “Slow Start for Donations to Aid La. Flood Victims,” August 23, 2016) that donations to assist victims of flooding in the Baton Rouge had lagged behind other major disasters such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the earthquake Haiti in 2010 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.  Of course, those other storms had factors that drew more public attention such as the impact on larger metropolitan areas and the hardships endured by those waiting for assistance.

    Last week’s Wise Giving Wednesday provided some general tips in making donations to Hurricane Matthew relief. Today, I would like to offer some additional giving advice to consider.

    Phases of disaster relief. Remember that every disaster has several phases – rescue, emergency relief and recovery. Each part relies on public support and continuing funding for success. The need for donations doesn’t stop when the headlines do.

    Recovery time line. For many communities, recovery will be a long-term activity that can take many months or years to accomplish, depending on the extent of the damage. Those truly concerned about helping communities bounce back will have many opportunities to help.

    Disaster planning. Although it may seem obvious, no one wants to experience a repeat performance of a disaster.  Areas that work toward recovery will probably also need to develop plans to better respond to a similar storm in the future. Even those that already had measures in place can find ways to improve based on experience.

    On a separate note, as part of our  Building Trust Video Series we are pleased to provide a video that features  Mary Gilberti, J.D.,  Executive Director of  NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (a  BBB Accredited Charity). Mary provides a brief overview of the NAMI activities and explains what they do to help strengthen donor trust.

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit  Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Finally, remember to let us know by going to  https://www.give.org/ask-us-about-a-charity1/ if you are  interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.  

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • New Survey: Millennials are Raising the Next Philanthropic Superheroes

    New Survey: Millennials are Raising the Next Philanthropic Superheroes

    Arlington, VA − BBB’s Give.org announced today new insights from its national survey highlighting generational differences in charitable giving habits. The findings, collected online from 1,004 American parents, show that millennials are the most likely to do background research on charities before donating. 

    According to the survey, half of millennial parents always research charities before donating, compared to 37 percent of both Generation X and baby boomers, and 29 percent of the silent generation. But millennial parents are doing more than just modeling wise giving habits. The survey reports 61 percent of millennial parents have talked about charity with their children in the past year, and they are introducing their children to more types of charity than other parents. Millennials were most likely to talk with their young about disaster relief, animal protection, environmental, and health charities.

    “Despite negative stereotypes about millennials,” said Art Taylor, President and CEO of BBB’s Give.org, “our survey research shows that savvy millennialsare raising the most charity-conscious generation in history. With American generosity reportedly in decline, charities can only hope millennials’ children will take engagement and transparency to new heights.”

    In a time of declining trust—in banks, government, media, and nonprofits alike—millennials are taking matters into their own hands. The digital revolution has empowered donors to do their own research, reward trustworthy charities, and hold wrongdoers accountable. Millennial donors want to know, not just believe, that their dollars make a difference. Transparency is expected, and charities of the 21st century need to deliver by sharing information on their activities, finances, and governance with both donors and third-party charity monitors, such as BBB’s Give.org, the only standards-based evaluator.

    More highlights from the national survey on charitable giving include:

    • 49 percent of the conversations millennials have with their children are sparked by social media; compared to only 29 percent of Gen X conversations.  
    • Millennials were also most likely (60 percent) of any generation to have donated to hurricane relief after Harvey, Irma, and Maria. 
    • Millennials were far more likely (79 percent) to have researched hurricane relief charities before donating this hurricane season, compared to Gen X (59 percent) and baby boomers (56 percent). 
    • Midwesterners were far more likely (67 percent) to have talked with their child about charity than Westerners (38 percent). Sixty-two percent of Southerners and Northeasterners talked to their child about charity. 
    • Dads were more likely (66 percent) than moms (58 percent) to talk to their child about charity.
    • Men were also: Ten percent more likely than women (36 percent) to always research a charity before donating; 8 percent more likely to have donated to hurricane relief; and 10 percent more likely to have researched that hurricane relief charity before giving.

    About BBB’s Give.org:  BBB’s Give.org, also known as BBB Wise Giving Alliance, is a standards-based charity evaluator that seeks to verify the trustworthiness of nationally-soliciting charities through rigorous evaluations based on 20 holistic standards that address charity governance, results reporting, finances, fundraising, appeal accuracy and other issues. National charity reports are produced by Give.org and local charity reports are produced by local Better Business Bureaus—all reports are available at Give.org.

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Board Oversight & Planning

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Board Oversight & Planning

    One of most important stewardship responsibilities of a charity’s board of directors is carrying out its planning functions. As mentioned in a previous Wise Giving Wednesday blog post, part of that planning process involves the preparation of the organization’s budget which is addressed in BBB Standard 14. This financial projection of next year’s revenue and expenditures, however, does not complete the full planning picture. Proper planning also involves a discussion of the charity’s mission, goals, skills, resources, and the available strategies to achieve the selected targets.

    A helpful component of board planning activities involves a consideration of the organization’s performance and effectiveness in addressing its mission. As called for in BBB Standards 6 and 7, some type of “results reporting” should be shared in a written report provided to the charity’s governing board. In our view, a report to the governing board about the charity’s effectiveness would more likely include a candid analysis (about lessons learned as well as achievements) than a public document. The temptation to water down findings to make the charity appealing to media, funders and competitors is stronger when the report is for all eyes to see.

    In a few days my good friend Kevin Washington, CEO of the YMCA USA and I will be delivering a luncheon address in New Orleans at the upcoming BoardSource Leadership Forum. This is the 15 th year that BoardSource has held this convening of nonprofit board leaders for a two-day conference on strengthening nonprofit leadership. I am looking forward to providing comments on governance related matters at this forum and am pleased to have another opportunity to share the BBB Wise Giving Alliance perspective on charity accountability.

    On a separate note, as part of our Building Trust Video Series, we are pleased to provide the following video that features Eskinder Negash, Senior Vice President for Global Engagement, U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (a BBB Accredited Charity), a national refugee resettlement and immigration organization that specializes in providing services to foreign born populations of forced migrants in the United States.

    

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors. Visit Give.org or local BBBs to check out any charity before giving. Our recently evaluated charities include:

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to https://www.give.org/ask-us-about-a-charity1/ if you are interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance

  • Wise Giving Wednesday: Building Trust Part 9

    Wise Giving Wednesday: Building Trust Part 9

    For many charities, especially the nationally soliciting charities evaluated by BBB Wise Giving Alliance, the future may belong to the Internet, but direct mail fundraising is still king.  While online giving and social media made significant strides in raising charity dollars in the philanthropic marketplace, recent statistics show that online giving accounted for just 6.4% of overall fundraising revenue in 2013, excluding grants (Blackbaud’s Charitable Giving Report). 

    I raise this to build on my previous blog about our donor privacy standard (BBB WGA Standard 18). The focus here is on direct mail fundraising and how charities acquire names and addresses of people to send mail.  The majority of the nationally soliciting charities evaluated by BBB WGA state that they do not rent, exchange or share their donor mailing lists with others. If so, this provision does not apply to them.  For the rest, BBB WGA Standard 18 asks charities to periodically provide a means (such as a check-off box) for both new and continuing direct mail donors to inform the charity that they do not want their name and address shared outside the organization.  This is what those in the privacy world call the “Opt Out” option.   

    Paper is derived from trees, but mailing lists don’t grow on them, they have to be developed somewhere.  So, if a charity is seeking to acquire new donors by renting lists for one-time use from a variety of outside sources, those names and addresses do not belong to the charity until they become a donor.  As a result, unless the mail recipient makes a donation, the charity can’t promise them anything about what will happen to their information.  Hence, the reason for not requiring this “opt out” provision to be in every charity mailing sent.   But, at a minimum, every single current donor must be provided the opt-out option at least annually to meet Standard 18. Of course it’s preferable that this occur in all mailings to previous donors. 

    It’s possible for charities to adopt more restrictive donor mailing list policies.  For brand new or smaller charities seeking to build a donor base, however, renting donor mailing lists may be their only way to get direct mail donors.  If donor mailing lists were not available, they would need to find alternatives (an animal welfare charity might use a list comprised of pet product purchasers) that could result in fewer donors than a mailing list of animal charity contributors of other groups. 

    The bottom line is that mailing lists, when properly used, can serve as the oxygen that help charity fundraising work.  Without them, many charities would have difficulty starting, growing or raising funds.  BBB WGA strongly believes in the importance of donor privacy protections, and Standard 18 continues to address donor concerns without impacting the ability of charities to raise funds using the mail, which continues to be the main fundraising method for charities evaluated by BBB WGA. 

    We are always working with charities to publish or update reports for donors.  Visit Give.org to check out any charity before giving.  Our recently evaluated charities include:  

    Finally, remember to let us know by going to https://www.give.org/ask-us-about-a-charity1/ if you are interested in seeing a report on a charity not on the list and we will do our best to produce one.  

    H. Art Taylor, President & CEO
    BBB Wise Giving Alliance